Main Page

Welcome to the nftables HOWTO documentation page. Here you will find documentation on how to build, install, configure and use nftables.

If you have any suggestion to improve it, please send your comments to Netfilter users mailing list <netfilter@vger.kernel.org>.

Introduction

• What is nftables?
• Why nftables?
• Main differences with iptables
• Netfilter hooks and integration with existing Netfilter components.
• Adoption
• Legacy xtables tools
• How to obtain help/support

Getting started

• Building and installing nftables from sources
• Using nftables from distributions
• Troubleshooting and FAQ
• Quick reference, nftables in 10 minutes
• Understanding nftables families

Basic operation

• Configuring tables
• Configuring chains
• Simple rule management
• Atomic rule replacement
• Error reporting from the command line
• Building rules through expressions
• Operations at ruleset level
• Monitoring ruleset updates
• Scripting
• Ruleset debug/tracing
• Moving from iptables to nftables
• Moving from ipset to nftables
• Output text modifiers

Supported selectors for packet matching

• Matching packet header fields
• Matching packet metainformation
• Matching connection tracking stateful metainformation
• Rate limiting matchings
• Routing information

Possible actions on packets

• Accepting and dropping packets
• Jumping to chain
• Rejecting traffic
• Logging traffic
• Performing Network Address Translation (NAT)
• Setting packet metainformation
• Queueing to userspace
• Duplicating packets
• Mangle packet header fields
• Mangle TCP options
• Counters
• Load balancing
• Conntrack helpers (Layer 7 ALG)
• Setting packet connection tracking metainformation

Note that, unlike iptables, you can perform several actions in one single rule.

Advanced data structures for performance packet classification

You will have to redesign your rule-set to benefit from these new nice features:

• Sets
• Dictionaries
• Intervals
• Maps
• Concatenations
• Metering (formerly known as flow tables before nftables 0.8.1 release)
• Updating sets from the packet path
• Element timeouts
• Math operations
• Stateful objects
• Flowtable (the fastpath network stack bypass)

If you are already using ipset in your iptables rule-set, that transition may be a bit more simple to you.

Examples

• Simple ruleset for a workstation
• Simple ruleset for a server
• Bridge filtering
• Multiple NATs using nftables maps
• Classic perimetral firewall example
• Port knocking example
• Classification to tc structure example
• Using configuration management systems (like puppet, ansible, etc)
• GeoIP matching

Development

Check Portal:DeveloperDocs - documentation for netfilter developers.

Some hints on the general development progress:

• List of updates since Linux kernel 3.13
• List of updates in the nft command line tool
• Supported features compared to {ip,ip6,eb,arp}tables
• List of available translations via iptables-translate tool

External links

Watch some videos:

• Watch Getting a grasp of nftables, thanks to NLUUG association for recording this.
• Watch The ultimate packet classifier for GNU/Linux, thanks to the FSFE for paying my trip to Barcelona and for recommending me as speaker to the KDE Spanish branch.
• Florian Westphal - Why nftables?
• Watch NLUUG - Goodbye iptables, Hello nftables
• Watch LCA2018 - nftables from a user perspective

Watch videos to track updates:

• Watch Netdev 2.1 - Netfilter mini-workshop (2017)
• Watch Netdev 2.2 - Netf‌ilter mini-workshop (2018)
• Watch Netdev 0x12 - Netf‌ilter mini-workshop (2019)
• Watch Netdev 0x14 - Netfilter mini-Workshop (2020)

Additional documentations and articles:

• Tutorial Extending nftables by Xiang Gao
• Article New in Debian stable Stretch: nftables
• Article How to use nftables from python and git repository python-nftables-tutorial.git

Thanks

To the NLnet foundation for initial sponsorship of this HOWTO:

To Eric Leblond, for boostrapping the Nftables quick howto in 2013.