Matching connection tracking stateful metainformation

nftables conntrack (ct) expressions enable stateful firewalls by matching packets that correspond to connections tracked by netfilter's Connection Tracking System.

Conntrack metadata available

It is useful to refer to the conntrack data types.

Conntrack-assigned metadata

Conntrack itself maintains most of its metadata for each tracked connection. The conntrack command-line tool makes it easy to list these metadata as well as manage the connections. Following is a sample partial output, run on a host serving an active sshd session. The id option includes the unique conntrack id in the output; the extended option produces the listing in /proc/net/nf_conntrack format.

% conntrack -L -o id,extended
...
ipv4     2 tcp      6 421957 ESTABLISHED src=192.168.0.2 dst=192.168.0.8 sport=34621 dport=22 src=192.168.0.8 dst=192.168.0.2 sport=22 dport=34621 [ASSURED] mark=6 use=1 id=2014938051
...

The following table lists each conntrack metadata field in the above output along with the nftables ct selector to match it.

conntrack command output
Column #	Description	Example value	ct Match	Notes
1	L3 protocol name	ipv4	ct l3proto
2	L3 protocol number	2	ct l3proto
3	L4 protocol name	tcp	ct protocol
4	L4 protocol number	6	ct protocol	As shown in in.h protocol value 6 indicates TCP.
5	timeout, s	421957	ct expiration	Seconds until conntrack entry is invalidated; reset to initial value when connection sees a new packet. Default TCP connection timeout is 5 days. You can change this via the conntrack sysfs setting nf_conntrack_tcp_timeout_established.
6	conntrack state	ESTABLISHED	ct state
7	L3 source address, original direction	src=192.168.0.2	ct original saddr
8	L3 destination address, original direction	dst=192.168.0.8	ct original daddr
9	L4 protocol source, original direction	sport=34621	ct original proto‑src
10	L4 protocol destination, original direction	dport=22	ct original proto‑dst
11	L3 source address, reply direction	src=192.168.0.8	ct reply saddr
12	L3 destination address, reply direction	dst=192.168.0.2	ct reply daddr
13	L4 protocol source, reply direction	sport=22	ct reply proto‑src
14	L4 protocol destination, reply direction	dport=34621	ct reply proto‑dst
15	conntrack status	[ASSURED]	ct status
16	conntrack mark	mark=6	ct mark	Can also be set.
17	reference count	use=1		Mainly used by the garbage collector.
18	conntrack id	id=2014938051	ct id	Unique id assigned to this conntrack entry.

User-assigned metadata

• Conntrack mark, label and zone are user-settable, and nftables can subsequently match packets against them.
• In addition, notrack, ct helper set and ct event set affect conntrack and nftables operation.

Please see Setting packet connection tracking metainformation for more information.

Matching conntrack metadata

ct state - conntrack state

The ct state expression is almost certainly the one you will use the most.

The conntrack state may be one of:

conntrack states
State	Description
new	Netfilter has so far seen packets between this pair of hosts in only one direction. At least one of these packets is part of a valid initialization sequence, e.g. SYN packet for a TCP connection.
established	Netfilter has seen valid packets travel in both directions between this pair of hosts. For TCP connections, the three-way-handshake has been successfully completed.
related	This connection was initiated after the main connection, as expected from normal operation of the main connection. A common example is an FTP data channel established at the behest of an FTP control channel.
invalid	Assigned to packets that do not follow the expected behavior of a connection.
untracked	Dummy state assigned to packets that have been explicitly excluded from conntrack. See notrack.

The following example ruleset shows how to deploy an extremely simple stateful firewall with nftables:

table inet stateful_fw_demo {

    chain IN {
        type filter hook input priority filter; policy drop;

        ct state established,related accept
}

The rule in the IN chain accepts packets that are part of an established connection, and related packets. Note the use of a comma-separated list of the conntrack states that you want to match. The default chain policy drops all other incoming packets. Thus, any attempt from a computer in the network to initiate a new connection to your computer will be blocked. However, traffic that is part of a flow that you have started will be accepted.

ct helper - conntrack helper

The following example shows how to match packets based on the conntrack helper:

nft add rule filter input ct helper "ftp" counter

More on using ct helpers.

ct status - conntrack status

The conntrack status is a bitfield defined by enum ip_conntrack_status in /include/uapi/linux/netfilter/nf_conntrack_common.h. Nftables includes (in /src/ct.c struct ct_status_tbl) symbolic named constants for the conntrack status bits that make sense for filtering, as per the following table:

conntrack status bits
Bit #	Kernel symbol	Nftables selector	Description	Notes
0	IPS_EXPECTED	expected	Set for expected connection.	Never changes.
1	IPS_SEEN_REPLY	seen-reply	Set upon seeing packets in both original and reply directions.	Once set, never unset.
2	IPS_ASSURED	assured	Set when this conntrack entry should never be early-expired.
3	IPS_CONFIRMED	confirmed	Set when originating packet has left the local host.
4	IPS_SRC_NAT	snat	Set when connection needs SNAT in original dirction.	Never changed.
5	IPS_DST_NAT	dnat	Set when connection needs DNAT in original dirction.	Never changed.
6	IPS_SEQ_ADJUST		Set when connection needs TCP sequence adjustment.
7	IPS_SRC_NAT_DONE
8	IPS_DST_NAT_DONE
9	IPS_DYING	dying	Set when connection is dying (removed from lists).	Cannot be unset.
10	IPS_FIXED_TIMEOUT		Set when connection has fixed timeout.
11	IPS_TEMPLATE		Set when conntrack entry is a template.
12	IPS_UNTRACKED		Obsolete, not used anymore.	Formerly: set when conntrack entry is untracked (fake).
13	IPS_HELPER		Set when conntrack entry got a helper explicitly attached.
14	IPS_OFFLOAD		Set when conntrack entry has been offloaded to a flow table.
15	IPS_HW_OFFLOAD		Set when conntrack entry has been offloaded to hardware.

Match single flag: ct status snat

Match multiple flags: ct status {expected,dnat}

Match inverted flag: (ct status & dnat) != dnat (See cannot use != with ct status.)

ct mark - conntrack mark

The following example shows how to match packets based on the conntrack mark:

nft add rule filter input ct mark 123 counter

To know more about conntrack marks and packet marks, see Setting packet metainformation.

ct label

If a conntrack label has been applied to a packet, you can match such packets with this expression.

ct zone

Similar to ct label, if a conntrack zone has been assigned to a packet, you can then match such packets using this expression. You can optionally include a packet direction with this match: ct [original | reply] zone zone.

ct direction

A packet with original direction is traveling in the same direction as the first packet seen for this connection, e.g. in the direction of the original SYN packet for a TCP connection. A packet with reply direction is traveling in the direction opposite to original.

ct expiration

You can match packets based on when their associated connection is set to expire, e.g. ct expiration < 1m30s.

ct count

You can match based on the current number of tracked connections matching the specified properties. See connlimits.

ct packets

Match based on how many packets have previously traversed the connection associated with a packet. If you specify an optional direction, only packets in that direction are counted. Otherwise, packets in both directions are counted. For example:
ct [original | reply] packets < 10000

ct bytes

Match based on how many total bytes have previously traversed the connection associated with a packet. If you specify an optional direction, only traffic in that direction is counted. Otherwise, traffic in both directions is counted. For example:
ct [original | reply] bytes < 100000

ct avgpkt

Match based on the average packet size (bytes/packet) seen so far on the connection associated with a packet. If you specify an optional direction, only traffic in that direction is counted. Otherwise, traffic in both directions is counted. For example:
ct [original | reply] avgpkt < 100

ct l3proto - conntrack L3 protocol

Matches the L3 protocol of the conntrack entry associated with a packet. You can optionally include a packet direction with this match:
ct [original | reply] l3proto l3_protocol.

Conntrack L3 source or destination address

This match requires specifying both direction and L3 protocol (ip or ip6 currently recognized):
ct {original | reply} {ip | ip6} {saddr | daddr}

ct protocol- conntrack L4 protocol

Matches the L4 protocol of the conntrack entry associated with a packet. You can optionally include a packet direction with this match:
ct [original | reply] protocol l4_protocol.

Conntrack L4 protocol source or destination

This match requires specifying the direction:
ct {original | reply} {proto-src | proto-dst}

ct id

This expression will match packets associated with a specific connection with given conntrack id (as from conntrack -L -o id). You can optionally include a packet direction with this match: ct [original | reply] id ct_id.